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4472 Federal Register / Vol. 48, No. 190 / 'Thursday, Septemb, ?9, 1983 / Notices
<br />Archival Research
<br />Archival or background research is
<br />generally undertaken prior to any field
<br />survey. Where identification is
<br />undertaken as part of a comprehensive
<br />planning process, background research
<br />may have taken place as part of the
<br />development of the historic contexts
<br />(see the Guidelines for Preservation
<br />Planning). In the absence of previously
<br />developed historic contexts, archival
<br />research should address specific issues
<br />and topics. It should not duplicate
<br />previous work. Sources should include,
<br />but not be limited to. historical maps,
<br />atlases, tax records, photographs,
<br />ethnographies, folklife documentation,
<br />oral histories and other studies, as well
<br />as standard historical reference works.
<br />as appropriate for the research problem.
<br />(See the Guidelines for Historical
<br />Documentation for additional
<br />discussion.)
<br />Field Survey
<br />The variety of field survey techniques
<br />available, in combination with the
<br />varying levels of effort that may be
<br />assigned, give great Flexibility to
<br />implementing field surveys. It is
<br />important that the selection of field
<br />survey techniques and level of effort be
<br />responsive to the management needs
<br />and preservation goals that direct the
<br />survey effort.
<br />Survey techniques may be loosely
<br />grouped into two categories, according
<br />to their results. First are the techniques
<br />that result in the characterization of a
<br />region's historic properties. Such
<br />techniques might include - windshield"
<br />or walk -over surveys, with perhaps a
<br />limited use of sub - surface survey. For
<br />purposes of these Guidelines, this kind
<br />Of survey is termed a "reconnaissance."
<br />The second category of survey
<br />techniques is those that permit the
<br />identification and description of specific
<br />historic properties in on area; this kind
<br />of survey effort is termed "intensive."
<br />the terms "reconnaissance" and
<br />"intensive" are sometimes defined to
<br />mean particular survey techniques,
<br />generally with regard to prehistoric
<br />sites. The use of the terms here is
<br />general and is not intended to redefine
<br />the terms as they are used elsewhere.
<br />Reconnaissance, survey might be most
<br />profitably employed when gathering
<br />data to refine a developed historic
<br />context —such as checking on the
<br />presence or absence of expected
<br />property types, to define specific,
<br />Property types or to estimate the
<br />distribution of historic properties in an
<br />area The results of regional
<br />characterization activities provide a
<br />general understanding of the historic
<br />Properties in a particular area and
<br />permit management decisions that
<br />consider the sensitivity of the area in
<br />terms of historic preservation concerns
<br />and the resulting implications for future
<br />land use planning. The data should
<br />allow the formulation of estimates of the
<br />necessity, type and cost of further
<br />identification work and the setting of
<br />Priorities for the individual tasks
<br />involved. In most cases, areas surveyed
<br />in this way will require resurvey if more
<br />complete information is needed about
<br />specific properties.
<br />A reconnaissance survey should
<br />document:
<br />1. The kinds of properties looked for;
<br />2. The boundaries of the area
<br />surveyed:
<br />3. 1'he method of survey, including the
<br />extent of survey coverage:
<br />4. The kinds of historic properties
<br />present in the surveyed area;
<br />5- Specific properties that were
<br />identified, and the categories of
<br />information collected: and
<br />6. Places examined that did not
<br />contain historic properties.
<br />Interco ve survey is most useful when
<br />it is necessary to know precisely what
<br />historic: properties exist in a given area
<br />or when information sufficient for later
<br />evaluation and treatment decisions is
<br />needed on individual historic properties.
<br />Intensive survey describes the
<br />distribution of properties in an area;
<br />determines the number, location, and
<br />condition of properties; determines the
<br />types of properties actually present
<br />within the area: permits classification of
<br />individual properties; and records the
<br />physical extent of specific properties.
<br />An intensive survey should document:
<br />1. The kinds of properties looked for;
<br />Z. The boundaries of the area
<br />surveyed;
<br />3. The method of survey, including an
<br />estimate of the extent of survey
<br />coverage;
<br />4. A record of the precise location of
<br />all properties identified; and
<br />5. Information on the appearance,
<br />significance, integrity and houndaries of
<br />each property sufficient to permit an
<br />evaluation of its significance.
<br />Sampling
<br />Reconnaissance or intensive survev
<br />methods may be employed according to
<br />a sampling procedure to examine less -
<br />than- the -total project or planning area.
<br />Sampling can be effective when
<br />several locations arc heing considered
<br />for an undertaking or when it is
<br />desirable to estimate the cultural
<br />resources of an area In many cases,
<br />especially where large land areas are
<br />involved, sampling ran be done in
<br />stages. In this approach, the results of
<br />the initial large area survey are used to
<br />structure successively smaller, more
<br />detailed surveys. This -,nesting"
<br />approach is an efficient technique since
<br />it enables characterization of both large
<br />and small areas with reduced effort. As
<br />with all investigative techniques, such
<br />Procedures should be designed to permit
<br />an independent assessment of results.
<br />Various types of sample surveys can
<br />be conducted, including, but not limited
<br />to: random, stratified and systematic.
<br />Selection of sample type should be
<br />guided by the problem the survey is
<br />expected to solve, the nature of the
<br />expected properties and the nature of
<br />the area to be surveyed.
<br />Sample surveys may provide data to
<br />I stimate fequences of properties and
<br />types of properties within a specified
<br />area at various confidence levels.
<br />Selection of confidence levels should b,
<br />based upon the nature of the problem
<br />the sample survey is dcsignel to
<br />address.
<br />Predictive modeling is an application
<br />Of basic sampling techniques that -
<br />projects or extrapolates the number,
<br />classes and frequencies of properties in
<br />unsurveyed areas based on those found
<br />in surveyed areas. predictive modeling
<br />can be an effective tool during the early
<br />stages of planning an undertaking, for
<br />targeting field survey and for other
<br />management purposes. However, the
<br />accuracy of the model must be verified:
<br />predictions should be confirmed through
<br />field testing and the model redesigned
<br />and retested if necessary.
<br />Special survey techniques
<br />Special survey techniques may be
<br />needed in certain situations.
<br />Remote sensing techniques may be
<br />the most effective way to gather
<br />background environmental data, plan
<br />more detailed Geld investigations,
<br />discover certain classes of properties,
<br />map sites, locate end confirm the
<br />presence of predicted sites, and define
<br />features within properties. Remote
<br />sensing techniques include aerial,
<br />subsurface and underwater techniques
<br />Ordinarily the results of remote sensing
<br />should be verified through independent
<br />field inspection before ma-ing any
<br />evaluation or statement regarding
<br />frenuencies or types of properties.
<br />/::(rrgrafino ldcutt�_lciticn Results
<br />The results of identification efforts
<br />must be integrated into the planning
<br />process so that planning decisions are
<br />bared on the best available information.
<br />T'be new informantion is first assessed
<br />a"amst the objectives of the
<br />identification effort to determine
<br />whether the gathered information meets
<br />
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