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<br />Federal Register / Vol. 48, No. 190 / Thursday, Septcmb
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<br />Archival Research
<br />
<br />Archival or background research i9
<br />generally underti.Jken prior to any field
<br />survey. \Vhere identification is
<br />under"token 8S par! of a comprehensive
<br />planning process, background research
<br />may have taken place as part of the
<br />development of the historic contexts
<br />(see the Guidelines for Preservation
<br />Planning). In the absence of previously
<br />developed historic contexts. archival
<br />research should address specific issues
<br />and topics. It should not duplicate
<br />previous work. Sources should include.
<br />but not be limited to, historical maps,
<br />atlases, tax records, photographs.
<br />ethnographieg, folklife documentation,
<br />oral histories and other studies, as well
<br />as standard historical reference works,
<br />as appropriate for the research problem.
<br />(See the Guidelines fur Hi~torical
<br />Documentation for additional .
<br />discussion.)
<br />
<br />Field Survey
<br />
<br />The variety of field survey techniques
<br />available, in combination with the
<br />varying levels of effort that may be
<br />assigned. give great flexibility to
<br />implementing field surveys. It is
<br />important that the selection of field
<br />survey techniques and level of effort be
<br />responsive to the management needs
<br />and preservation goals that direct the
<br />survey effort.
<br />Survey techniques may be loosely
<br />grouped into two categories, according
<br />to their results. First are the techniq1Jes
<br />that result in the characterization of a
<br />region's historic properties. Such
<br />techniques might include "windshield"
<br />or walk-over surveys, with perhaps a
<br />limited use of sub-surface survey. For
<br />purposes of these Guidelines, this kind
<br />of survey is lermed a "reconnaissance."
<br />The second category of survey
<br />techniques is those that permit the
<br />identification and description of specific
<br />historic properties in an area; this kind
<br />of survey effort is termed "intensive."
<br />the terms "rcconnaissancc'. and
<br />"intensive" are sometimes defined to
<br />mean particular survey techniques,
<br />1-~eneral1y with regard to prehistoric
<br />sites. The use of the terms here is
<br />~eneral and is not intended to redefine
<br />the lerms as they are Ilsed elsp.where.
<br />Reconnaissance survey might be mosl
<br />profitably employed when gathering
<br />(Lita to refine a df'veloppd hi:-;tnric
<br />context~such as checking on the
<br />presence or absence of expected
<br />property types. to define specific
<br />property types or to estimate the
<br />distribution of historic properties in an
<br />area: The results of regional
<br />chClracterization activities provide a
<br />t;<-,neral understanding of the historic
<br />
<br />properties in fl particular area and
<br />permit mHnil~ement dcr.isi()n~ thnl
<br />consider the sensitivity of the area in
<br />tcrm~ of historic preservation conr.erns
<br />and lhe resulting implications for future
<br />land use planning. The data should
<br />allow the formulation of estimates of the
<br />necessity, type and cost of further
<br />identification work and the setting of
<br />priorities for the individual tasks
<br />involved. In most cases, areas surveyed
<br />in this way will require resurvey if more
<br />complete information is needed about
<br />specific properties.
<br />A reconnaissance survey should
<br />document:
<br />1. The kinds of properties looked for;
<br />2. The boundaries of the area
<br />surveyed;
<br />3. The method of sllfvcy. including the
<br />[~xtent of survey r.o\'eruge;
<br />4. The kinds of historic properties
<br />present in the surveyed area;
<br />5. Specific properties thaI were
<br />identified, and the catexories of
<br />information collected; Hnd
<br />6. Places examined that did not
<br />contain histonc properties.
<br />Intensive slIrvey is most useful when
<br />it is necessary to know pr-ecise!y what
<br />historic properties exist in a given area
<br />or \-vhen information sufficient for later
<br />eVl::duation and treatment decisions i.'l
<br />needed on individual historic properties.
<br />Intensive survey describes the
<br />distribution of properties in an areH;
<br />determines the number. location, and
<br />condition of properties; determines the
<br />types of properties 'H:!udlly pre.'lcnt
<br />within the area; permits classification of
<br />individual properties: Bnd records the
<br />physical extent of specific_ properties.
<br />An intensive survey should document:
<br />1. The kinds of properties looked for;
<br />z.. The boundaries of the area
<br />surveyed;
<br />3. The method of survey, including an
<br />estimate of the extent of survey
<br />coverage;
<br />4. A record of the precise location of
<br /><ill properties identified; Imd
<br />5. Information on the appearance,
<br />significnnce, integrity and boundafi{~s of
<br />each property sufficient to permit an
<br />evaluHtion of its signific,ll1cc.
<br />
<br />Sampling
<br />Reconnaissance or intensive survey
<br />methods may be employed according to
<br />H ,<;amplinr: prncedu!'I' to "',Imine k'~~l.
<br />than-the-tul,d project or p!;lnnlllr: area.
<br />Sumpling can be effectiv~ when
<br />several locations are being considt,reu
<br />for an undert:\king or when it is
<br />desirable to estimate the cultur,d
<br />resources of an area. In many cases,
<br />especially where large lnnd areas are
<br />involved. 8umpling eln he done in
<br />stages. in thiS HpPTOJch, the results of
<br />
<br />'~9, 1983 / Notices
<br />
<br />the lndiallarge area survey are uSI:d 10
<br />structure succcssivtdy smaller, more
<br />detailed surveys. This "nesting"
<br />approach is an efficient technique since
<br />it enables characterization of both large
<br />and small areas with reduced effort. As
<br />with all investigative techniques, such
<br />pror.edures should be designed to permit
<br />an independent assessment of results.
<br />Various types of sample surveys can
<br />be conducted, inciuding. but not limited
<br />.to: random, stratified and systematic.
<br />Selection of sample type should be
<br />guided by the problem the survey is
<br />expected to solve, the nature of the
<br />expected properties and the nature of
<br />the area to be surveyed.
<br />Sample surveys may provide data to
<br />cRtimate frequencie~ of properties und
<br />tYP{~g of properties within a specified
<br />area at various confidence levels.
<br />Selection of confidence levels should be
<br />based upon the nature of Ihe problem
<br />the Sample survey i!"; designed to
<br />address.
<br />Predictive modeling is an application
<br />of basic sampling techniques that
<br />projects or extrapolates the number.
<br />cl,lsse:; find frequencies of properties in
<br />unsurveyed areas based on those found
<br />in surveyed areas. Predictive modeling
<br />can he an effective tool during the eurly
<br />stages of planning an undertaking, for
<br />targeting field survey and for other
<br />management purposes. However, the
<br />accuracy of the model mwit be verified;
<br />predictions should be r.onfirmed tflfotlgh
<br />field testing and the model redeSigned
<br />find retested if necessHry.
<br />
<br />Special survey techniques
<br />
<br />Special survey techniques may be
<br />needed in certain situations.
<br />Remote sensing techniques may be
<br />the most effective way to gather
<br />background environmental data, plan
<br />more detailed field investigations,
<br />discover certain classes of properties,
<br />mil!> sites. locate and confirm thf~
<br />presence of predicted sites. and define
<br />fcatlll'cs within properties. Remote
<br />sensing techniques include /Jerial.
<br />subsurface and underwatpr techniqIH~<;
<br />Ordinarily the results of remote sensinr:
<br />should be verified through independent
<br />field inspection before ma"ing any
<br />evaluation or statement regarding
<br />frequencies or types of properties.
<br />
<br />1",'li':;n:t/ll,~;' IIJenti(iculiollllesllJts
<br />
<br />The results of identification efforts
<br />must be integrated into the planning
<br />process so that plannIng decisions are
<br />b,lsed on the best available informallon.
<br />The new informantion is first assessed
<br />;;gainst tile objectives of the
<br />identification effort to Jetermme
<br />whether the Blithered informatlon meets
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