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$ LAMAR AND DELTA COUNTIES, TEXAS · durihg the course of the survey. New interpretations are Each map unit is rated for cu/#vated farm crops, pas- added to meet local needs, mainly through field observa- ture and ha~, range, w~d/and, wood/and grazing, urban tions of different kinds of soil in different uses under uses, and recreation. Cultivated farm crops are those different levels of management. Also, data are assem- grown extensively by farmers in the survey area. Pastui'e bled from other sources, such as test results, records, and hay consist of grasses established for grazing or field experience, and information available from state cutting. Woodland refers to land that is producing either and local specialists. For example, data on crop y~elds trees native to the area or introduced species. Woodland under defined practices are assembled from farm rec- grazing is using grassy areas in woodland for grazing. orals and from field or plOt experiments on the same Urban uses include residential, commercial, and industri- kinds of soil. al developments. Recreation includes campsites, picnic But only part of a soil survey is done when the soils areas, ballfields, and other areas that are subIect to have been named, described, interpreted, and delineated heavy foot traffic and areas used for nature study and as -on aerial photographs and when the laboratory data and wilderness. other data have been assembled. The mass of detailed information then needs to be organized so that it is Descriptions of the general soil map units readily available to different groups of users, among them farmers, managers of rangeland and woodland, 1, Houston Black-Leson-Helden engineers, planners, developers and builders, home- Nearly level to gently sloping, very slowly permeable, buyers, and those seeking recreation, clayey so#$ on uplands · This map unit consists of clayey praide soils that crack General soil map for broad land use when dry. Slopes are 0 to 5 percent (fig. 1). This unit makes up about 32 percent of the survey planning area. It is about 32 percent Houston Black soils, 18 The general soil map at the back of this publication percent Leson soils, 12 percent Heiden soils, and 38 shows, in color, map units that have a distinct pattern of percent other soils. soils and of relief and drainage. Each map unit is a Houston Black soils are on sides and tops and at the unique natural landscape. Typically, a map unit consists foot of ridges. These soils are moderately well drained. of one or more major soils and some minor soils. It is They are moderately alkaline throughout. The surface named for the major soils. The soils making up one unit layer is very dark gray clay about 5 inches thick. Be- can occur in other units but in a different pattern, tween depths of 5 and 23 inches, the soil is black clay. The general soil map provides a broad perspective of Between depths of 23 and 38 inches, the soil is very the soils and landscapes in the survey area. It provides a dark clay. Between depths of 38 and 51 inches, the soil basis for comparing the potential of large areas for gan- is olive gray clay that has light olive brown and gray eral kinds of land use. Areas that arB, for the most part, mottles. Between depths of 51 and 77 inches, the soil is suited to certain kinds of farming or to other land uses light olive brown clay over grayish brown clay that has can be identified on the map. Likewise, areas of soils mottles of yellow, gray, and brownish yellow. The under- having properties that are distinctly unfavorable for car- lying material is broWnish yellow and light brownish gray, tain land uses can be located, stratified shaly clay to a depth of 80 inches. Because of its small scale, the map does not show the Leson soils are on tops and sides of ridges. These kind of soil at a specific site. Thus, it is not suitable for soils-are moderately well drained. The surface layer is planning the management of a farm or field or for select- black, slightly acid clay about 20 inches thick. Between lng a site for a road or building or other structure. The depths of 20 and 39 inches, the soil is very dark gray, kinds of soil in any one map unit differ from place to neutral clay that has yellowish brown mottles. Between place in slope, depth, stoniness, drainage, or other char- depths of 39 and 57 inches, the soil is dark grayish acteristics that affect their management, brown, mildly alkaline clay that has olive mottles. Be- The soils in the survey area vary widely in their poten- tween dePths of 57 and 66 inches, the soil is olive, rial for major land uses. Table 2 shows the extent of the moderately alkaline c ay that has brownish mottles. The map units shown on the general soil map and gives underlying material is light brownish gray and pale o ive, general ratings of the potential of each, in relation to the moderately alkaline, stratified shaly clay to a depth of 75 other map units, for major land uses. Soil properties that inches. pose limitations to the use are indicated. The ratings of Heiden soils are on sides of ridges. These soils are soil potential are based on the assumption that practices well drained and are moderately alkaline throughout. The in common use in the survey area are being used to surface layer is very dark grayish brown clay about 26 , overcome soil limitations. These ratings reflect the ease inches thick. Between depths of 26 and 48 inches, the of overcoming the soil limitations and the probability of soil is olive gray clay. Between depths of 48 and 62 soil problems persisting after such practices are used. inches, the soil is mottled dark grayish brown, light olive