21-RACIAL PROFILING REPORTItem No. 21
memo�andum
TO: City Council
John Godwin, City Manager
FROM: Bob Hundley, Chief of Police
SUBJECT: RACIAL PROFILING REPORT
DATE: February 5, 2013
BACKGROUND: Article 2.13 (7) of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure requires the annual
reporting to the local governing body of data collected on the race or ethnicity of individuals
stopped and issued citations or arrested for traffic violations and whether or not those individuals
were searched.
STATUS OF ISSUE: Dr. Eric Fritsch of the University of North Texas at Denton has been
retained as a consultant to prepare the racial profiling report based on raw data supplied by the
Paris Police Department. Dr. Fritsch will make a presentation to the council based on his
attached report. The report will show that the police department is in compliance with all statutes
regarding racial profiling and that the department does not profile individuals.
BUDGET: There is no budgetary impact, presentation of report only.
RECOMMENDATION: There is no recommendation, presentation of report only.
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PARIS POLICE DEPARTMENT
2012
RACIAL PROFILING ANALYSIS
PREPARED BY:
Eric J. Fritsch, Ph.D.
Chad R. Trulson, Ph.D.
Proj�ssionnl
t�s��
University of North Texas
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Executive Summary
Article 2.132 (7) of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure requires the annual reporting to the
local governing body of data collected on the race or ethnicity of individuals stopped and issued
citations or arrested for traffic violations and whether or not those individuals were searched.
Since the law provides no clear instruction to a governing body on how to review such data, the
Paris Police Department requested this anal.ysis and review to assist the City Council in
reviewing the data.
The analysis of material and data from the Paris Police Department revealed the following:
• A COMPREHENSNE REVIEW OF THE PARIS POLICE DEPARTMENT'S BIAS BASED
PROFILING POLICY SHOWS THAT THE PARIS POLICE DEPARTMENT IS FULLY IN
COMPLIANCE WITH ARTICLE 2.132 OF THE TEXAS CODE OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE.
• A REVIEW OF THE INFORMATION PRESENTED AND SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION
REVEALS THAT THE PAR1S POLICE DEPARTMENT IS FULLY IN COMPLIANCE WITH
TEXAS LAW ON TRAINING AND EDUCATION REGARDING RACIAL PROFILING.
• A REVIEW OF THE DOCUMENTATION PRODUCED BY THE DEPARTMENT REVEALS THAT
THE DEPARTMENT IS FULLY IN COMPLIANCE WITH APPLICABLE TEXAS LAW ON THE
RACIAL PROFILING COMPLAINT PROCESS AND PUBLIC EDUCATION ABOUT TNE
COMPLAINT PROCESS.
• ANALYSIS OF THE DATA REVEALS THAT THE DEPARTMENT IS FULLY IN COMPLIANCE
WITH APPLICABLE TEXAS LAW ON THE COLLECTION OF RACIAL PROFILING DATA.
• THE ANALYSIS OF STATISTICAL INFORMATION FROM PARIS POLICE DEPARTMENT
REVEAL5 THAT THERE ARE NO METHODOLOGICALLY CONCLUSIVE INDICATIONS OF
SYSTEMIC RACIAL PROFILING BY THE DEPARTMENT.
� THE PARIS POLICE DEPARTMENT 1S FULLY IN COMPLIANCE WITH APPLICABLE TEXAS
LAW CONCERNING TNE PROHIBITION OF RACIAL PROFILTNG.
• THE PARIS POLICE DEPARTMENT IS FULLY IN COMPLIANCE WITH APPLICABLE TEXAS
LAW CONCERNING THE REPORTING OF INFORMATION TO TCLEOSE.
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Introduction
This report details an analysis of the Paris Police Department's policies, training, and statistical
information on racial profiling for the year 2012. This report has been prepared to specifically
comply with Article 2.132 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure (CCP) regarding the
compilation and analysis of racial profiling data. Specifically, the analysis will address Articles
2.131 — 2.l 35 of• the CCP and make a determination of the level of compliance with those
articles by the Paris Police Department in 2012. The full copies of the applicable laws and
regulations pertaining to this report are contained in Appendix A.
This report is divided into six analytical sections: Paris Police Department's bias based profiling
policy; Paris Police Department's training and education on racial profiling; Paris Police
Department's complaint process and public education on racial profiling; analysis of statistical
data on racial profiling; analysis of Paris Police Department's compliance with applicable laws
on racial profiling; and a final section which includes completed data and information reporting
forms required to be sent to TCLEOSE beginning in 2011.
For the purposes of this report and analysis, the following definition of racial profiling is used:
racial profiling means a law enforcement-initiated action based on an individual's race, ethnicity,
or national origin rather than on the individual's behavior or on information identifying the
individual as having engaged in criminal activity (Texas CCP Article 3.05).
Paris Police Department Policy on Racial Profiling
A review of Paris Police Department's `Bias Based Profling" policy revealed that the
department has adopted policies in compliance with Article 2.132 of the Texas CCP (see
Appendix B). There are seven specific requirements mandated by Article 2.132 that a law
enforcement agency must address. All seven are clearly covered in Paris Police Department's
bias based profiling policy. Paris Police ,Department policies provide clear direction that any
form of racial profiling is prohibited and that officers found engaging in inappropriate profiling
may be disciplined in accordance with chapter 2.02 of the Paris Police Department Policies and
Procedures pertaining to receipt, processing, investigation, and adjudication of complaints. The
policies also provide a very clear statement of the agency's philosophy regarding equal treatment
of all persons regardless of race, ethnicity, or national origin. Appendix C lists the applicable
statute and corresponding Paris Police Department regulation.
A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF PARIS POLICE DEPARTMENT'S BIAS BASED PROFILING POLICY
SH011�S THAT THE PARIS POLICE DEPARTMENT IS FULLY IN COMPLIANCE WITHARTICLE 2.132 OF
THE TEXAS CODE OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE. �
Paris Police Department Training and Education on Racial Profiling
Texas Occupation Code § 1701.253 and § 1701.402 require that curriculuin be established and
training certificates issued on racial profiling for all Texas peace officers. Documentation
provided by Paris Police Department reveals that racial profiling training and certification is
current for all officers in 2012. The department has also identified officers who will need
updated training in 2013 and has planned far those officers to attend the training. All Paris
_. i2o
Police Department officers are trained and instructed on the racial profiling law in Texas. In
addition, officers also receive mandatory cultural diversity training. All officers have been
instructed on the policies and procedures regarding racial profiling and the accompanying
complaint process as well.
A REVIEW OF TNE INFORMATION PRESENTED AND SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION REVEALS THAT
THE PARIS POLICE DEPARTMENT IS FDLLY IN COMPLIANCE WITH TEXAS LAW ON TRAINING AND
EDZIC,9TIONREGARDING RACIAL PROFILINC.
Paris Police Department Complaint Process and Public Education on Racial
Profiling
Article 2.132 §(b)3-4 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure requires that law enforcement
agencies implement a complaint process on racial profiling and that the agency provide public
education on the complaint process. Paris Police Department's Bias Based Profiling Policy
Section 4 covers this requirement. The City of Paris Police Department has also taken the
following actions to ensure that the information relating to the policy disallowing racial profiling
has been made known to the public:
1) Published racial profiling policy and complaint information on the City of Paris
Website (httpJ;��������.paristexas.��ov/index.aspx?NID=120);
2) Created complaint forms which are available at any time from any officer or at any
time from the lobby of the police station; and
3) Officers of the department l�ave been instructed on the racial profiling law and are
available to, and have answered requests about, the law and complaint procedure.
A REVIEW OF THB DOCUMENT,9TION PRODUCED BY THE DEPARTMENT REVEALS THAT THE
DEPARTMENT IS FULLY 1N COMPLIANCE WITH APPLICABLE TEXAS LA W ON THE RACIAL PROFILING
COMPLAINT PROCESS AND PUBLIC EDUCATIONABOUT THE COMPLAINT PROCESS.
Paris Police Department Statistical Data on Racial Profiling
Article 2.132(b) 6 requires that law enforcement agencies collect statistical information on traffic
citations and detentions with specific information on the race of the person cited. In addition,
information concerning searches of persons and whether or not the search was based on consent
is also collected. Paris Police Department submitted statistical information on all vehicle stops
resulting in a citation or arrest in 2012 and accompanying information on the race of the person
stopped. Accompanying this data was the relevant information on searches and arrests.
ANALYSIS OF THE DATA REVEALS THAT THE DEPARTMENT IS FULLY IN COMPLlANCE WITN
APPLICABLE TEXAS LAW ON THE COLLECTION OF RACIAL PROFILING DATA.
,. l�i
Analysis of the Data
The first chart depicts the percentages of people stopped by race including Whites, African-
Americans, and Hispanics.i White drivers constituted 71.51 percent of all drivers cited, whereas
Whites constituted 63.80 percent of the city population and 76.10 percent of the county
population.z The chart shows that White drivers were cited at a rate that is higher than the
percentage of QVhites in the city population and lower than the percentage of Whites in the
county population. African-American drivers constituted 23.02 percent of all drivers cited,
whereas African-Americans constituted 23.40 percent of the city population and 13.50 percent of
the county population. African-American drivers were eited at a rate that is slightly lower than
the percentage of African-Americans found in the city population. African-American citation
rates were higher than the percentage of African-Americans in the county population. Hispanic
drivers constituted 4.81 percent of all drivers cited, whereas Hispanics constituted 8.20 percent
of the city population and 6.50 percent of the county population. Hispanics were cited at rates
lower than the percentage oi Hispanics found in the city and county populations.
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
�% City Population
■% County Population
O% Stops
�j�l�
63.80%
76.10%
71.51 %
African-
American
23.40%
13.50%
23.02%
Hispanic
820%
6.50%
4.81 %
As the chart shows, easy determinations regarding whether or not Paris police officers have
"racially profiled" a given motorist are impossible given the nature of the data that has been
collected and presented for this report. The law dictates that police agencies compile aggregate-
level data regarding the rates at which agencies collectively stop motorists in terms of their
race/ethnicity. These aggregated data are to be subsequently analyzed in order to determine
whether or not individual officers are "racially profiling" motorists. This methodological error,
commonly referred to as the "ecological fallacy," defines the dangers involved in making
� The total number of stops is comprised of 3,296 citations and 470 arrests for a total of 3,766 stops resulting in a
citation or arrest. See the TCLEOSE forms at the end of this report.
'` City and County population figures are derived from the 2010 Census from the U.S. Census Bureau.
�_ 122
assertions about individual officer decisions based on the examination of aggregate incident level
data. In short, one cannot "prove" that an rndividual officer has "racially profiled" any individual
motorist based on the rate at which a department stops any given group of motorists.
Additional interpretation problems remain in regards to the specific measurement of "racial
profiling" as defined by Texas state code. For example, officers are currently forced to make
subjective determinations regarding an individual's race based on his or her personal
observations because the Texas Deparhnent of Public Safety does not provide an objectively-
based determination of an individual's race/ethnicity on the Texas driver's license. The absence
of any verifiable race/ethnicity data on the driver's license is especially troubling given the racial
diversity within the city of Paris. The validity of any racial/ethnic disparities discovered in the
aggregate level data becomes threatened in direct proportion to the number of subjective
"guesses" officers are forced to make when trying to determine an individual's racial/ethnic
background.
in addition, the data collected for the current report does not allow for an analysis that separates
(or disaggregates) the discretionary decisions of officers to stop a motorist from those that are
largely non-discretionary. For example, non-discretionary stops of motorists based on the
discovery of outstanding warrants should not be analyzed in terms of whether or not "profiling"
has occurred simply because the officer who has stopped a motorist as a result of the discovery
of an outstanding warrant does not independently make the decision to stop, but rather, is
reyuired to stop that individual regardless of any determination of race. An officer cannot be
determined to be "racially profiling" when organizational rules and state codes compel them to
stop regardless of an individual's race/ethnicity. Straightforward aggregate comparisons of stop
rates ignore these realities, and fail to distinguish between discretionary and non-discretionary
law enforcement actions. In the future, this validity issue could be lessened by the collection of
data indicating the initial reason for the traffic stop, whether it be an observed traffic violation,
other crimi��al activity, the existence of an outstanding warrant, or some other reason.
Finally, there has been considerable debate as to what the most appropriate population "base-
rate" is in determining whether or not racial/ethnic disparities exist. As the current analysis
shows in regards to the use of city and county population base-rates, the outcome of analyses
designed to determine whether or not disparities exist is obviously dependent on which base-rate
is used. In addition, recent population changes in the city of Paris exacerbates problems
associated with determining appropriate base-rates because measures derived from the U.S.
Census can become quickly outdated. Although this report utilized the mare recent 2010 Census,
this population measure will become quickly outdated as well.
Related to the above, the determination of valid stop base-rates becomes multiplied if analyses
fail to distinguish between residents and non-residents who are stopped, because the existence of
signiiicant proportions of non-resident stops will lead to invalid conclusions if racial/ethnic
comparisons are made exclusively to resident population figures.
In short, the methodological problems outlined above point to the limited utility of using
aggregate level comparisons of the rates at which different racia]/ethnic groups are cited in order
to determine whether or not racial profiling exists within a given jurisdiction.
- �� 12 3
The table below reports the summaries for the total number of persons stopped and searched
subsequent to being stopped by the Paris Police Department for traffic offenses in 2012 (3,766).
In addition, the table shows the number of individuals who granted consent to search and those
drivers who were arrested at the conclusion of the stop. The chart shows that roughly 58 percent
of all drivers searched were White (121/210 total searches), roughly 36 percent (75/210) were
African American, and roughly 5 percent (11/210) were Hispanic. It is clear from the table that
the vast majority of the total number of drivers cited (including White, African-American, and
Hispanic groups) were not searched, as roughly 94 percent of all drivers who were cited were not
searched (210/3,766).
Stops
Searches
Consent Searches
Arrests
� y�hite ! Americet� j �tt% . � �4�1 � 4� -'+�pl�s i-�.:;
1
2,693 867
121 75
51 27
274 I l7l
]8] 2 23
11 0 3
6 0 1
19 0 6
The next assessment presents the percentage of drivers that provided consent to search within
each racial category. The table above indicates that drivers who were cited were rarely consent
searched across the racial categories. For example, only 1.90 percent of all White drivers who
were cited were also searched by consent (Sl total consent searches), 3.] 1 percent of all African-
American drivers who were cited were searched by consent (27 total consent searches), and 3.31
percent of all Hispanic drivers who were cited were searched by consent (6 total consent
searches).
Analysis of Racial Profiling Compliance by Paris Police Department
The foregoing analysis shows that the Paris Police Department is fully in compliance with all
relevant Texas laws concerning racial profiling, including the existence of a formal policy
prohibiting racial profiling by its officers, officer training� and educational programs, a
formalized complaint process, and the collection of data in compliance with the law. Finally,
internal records indicate that the department received one complaint in reference to racial
profiling for the year 2012. Upon internal investigation, the complaint was not sustained.
In addition to providing summary reports and analysis of the data collected by the Paris Police
Department in 2012, this report also included an extensive presentation of some of the
limitations involved in the level of data collection currently required by law and the
methodological problems associated with analyzing such data for the Paris Police Department as
well as police agencies across Texas. The Paris Police Department should continue its
educational and training efforts within the department on racial profiling. Finally, the
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department should conduct periodic evaluations to assess patterns of officer decision-making on
traffic stops. The final section of this report includes newly required TCLEOSE reporting
information by Texas law enforcement organizations.
�� 125
Paris Police Department TCLEOSE Reporting
Forms
���
$:
`�
Partiaf Exemption Racia) Profiling Reporting
(Tier 1)
Depalfinent Name Paris Police Department
Agency Number -
Chief Administrato� Name Bob Hundley, Jr.
Reporting Nsme Bob Huadley, Jr.
ConEect Number 903-737-4100
E-mall Addess bhundley@paristexas. gov
Certification to Report 2.132 (Tier 1) - Partia) Exemption
Poiicy Requtremenb (2.132(b) CCP):
Each law enforcement agency in this state shall adopt a detailed written policy
on raciai profling. The policy must:
(1) clearly define acts constituting radal profiling;
(2) stridiy prohibit peace officers empbyed by the agency ftom engaging in racial
profiling;
(3) impiement a p�ocess by which an indh+idual may file a complaint with the agency if
the lndividuai believes that a peace officer employed by the agency has engaged in
racial proflling with respect to the individual;
�(4) provide public education relating to the agency's complaint process;
(5) require appropriate corrective action to be taken against a peace offioer employed by
the agency who, after an irnestigation, is shown to have engaged i� racial profiling in
violation of the agency's policy adopted under this article;
(6) require collecfion of information rela�ng to motor vehicle stops in which a citation is
issued and to arrests made as a result of those stops, including infortnation relating to:
(A) the race o� ethnicity of the individual detained;
(B) whether a seatch was conducted and, if so, whether the individual detained
conseMed to the search; and
(C) whether the peace officer knew the race or ethnicity of the individual detained
before detaining that individual; and
(7) require the chief administrator of the agency, regardless cf whether the administrator
is elected, employed, or appointed, to submit an annual report of the information
collected under SubdivEsion (6) to:
(A) the Commission on Law Enforcement Officer Standards and Education; and
(B) the governing body of each county or municipaliry served by the agency, if
the agency is an age�cy of a oounty, munidpaliry, or other political subdivision of
ttie state.
These polices are in
efFect
Date
Partial Exemption Racial Profiling Repofing - Tier 1
Page 1 of 4
� � 12'7
January 29, 2013
■
8
.�L� , t.
Partial Exemption Racial Profiling Reporting
(Tier 1)
Video and Audio Equipment Exemption
Partisl Exemption Claimed by (2.136(a) CCP):
a0 cars regula�ly used for motor vehicle stops are equipped
� with video camera�and transmitter-activated equipme� and
each motor stop is recorded and the recording of the stop is
retained for at ieast 90 days after the stop.
OR
In accordance with 2.135(a)(2) the agency has requested and
❑ not received funds to instail the reco�ding equiprnent
I claim this
exemption
Partial Exemption Raaal Profiling Reporting — Tier 1
Page 2 of 4
PARTIAL EXEMPTION RACIAL PROFIUNG REPORTING (TIER 1)
INSTRUCTIONS: Please fill out all boxes. If zero, use 0.
1. Tota) on lines 4,11, 14, and 17 mus be equal
2. Total on line 20 must equal line 15
AGENCY NAME: Paris Police Department
Number of motor vehicle stops (mark only 1 category per vehicle stop):
1. 3296 Citation only
2. 470 Arrest only
3. Both (We do not track this statistic)
4. 3766 (Total of 1-3)
Race or Ethnicity (mark oniy i category per vehicle stop):
5. 867 African
6. 2 Asian
7. 2693 Caucasian
8. 181 Hispanic
9. 1 Middle Eastern
10. 13 Native American
9 Unknown
11. 3766 (Total of 5-10, must be the same as #4)
Race or Ethnicity known prior to stop?
12. 443 Yes
13. 3323 No
14. 3766 (Totai of 12-13, must be the same as #4 and #11)
Search conducted?
15. 210 Yes
16. 3556 No
17. 3766 (Total of 15-16, must be the same as #4, #11, and #14 above)
Was search consented?
18. 85 Yes
19. 125 No
20. 210 (Total, must equal #15)
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��.
� a
�f
Partial Euemption Raciai P�ofiiing Reporting
(Tier 1)
Option to submit requfred data by utilizing agency report
You must submit your report in POF forrnat
Electronic Submission of data required by 2.132(b)(6) CCP
(6) require coNection �f information re{afing to m�or vehicte stops in which a citation is
issued and to arrests made as a result of those stops, tnduding informa�on relat+ng to:
(A) the race or ethniciiy of the individuat detained;
(B) whether a search was conducted and, if so, whether the individual detained
consented to the searoh; and
(C) whether the peace officer knew the race or etfiniciiy of the individual detained
before detaining that individual; and
This report meets the above
requirements Januar 29, 2013
hief A mini o Oate
Send entire documents electronicatly to this website
vwwv.tcleose.state.tx.us
Partial Exemption Racial Profiling Reporting — Tier 1
; Page 4 of a
130
Appendix A
Racial Profiling Statutes and Laws
Art. 3.05. RACIAL PROFILING.
In this code, "racial profiling" means a law enforcement-initiated action based on an individual's
race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than on the individual's behavior or on information
identifying the individual as having engaged in criminal activity.
Added by Acts 2001, 77th Leg., ch. 947, Sec. 2, eff. Sept. 1, 2001.
Art. 2.13L RACIAL PROFILING PROHIBITED.
A peace officer may not engage in racial profiling.
Added by Acts 2001, 77th Leg., ch. 947, Sec. 1, ef£ Sept. 1, 2001.
Art. 2.132. LAW ENFORCEMENT POLICY ON RACIAL PROFILING.
(a) In this article:
(1) "Law enforcement agency" means an agency of the state; or of a county, municipality, or
other political subdivision of the state, that employs peace officers who make motor vehicle
stops in the routine performance of the officers' official duties.
(2) "Motor vehicle stop" means an occasion in which a peace officer stops a motar vehicle for
an alieged violation of a law or ordinance.
(3) "Race or ethnicity" means of a particu1ar descent, including Caucasian, African, Hispanic,
Asian, Native American, or Middle Eastern descent.
(b) Each law enforcement agency in this state shall adopt a detailed written policy on racial
profiling. The policy must:
(]) clearly define acts constituting racial profiling;
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(2) strictly prohibit peace officers employed by the agency from engaging in racial profiling;
(3) implement a process by which an individual may file a complaint with the agency if the
individual believes that a peace officer employed by the agency has engaged in racial profiling
with respect to the individual;
(4) provide public education relating to the agency's complaint process;
(5) require appropriate corrective action to be taken against a peace officer employed by the
agency who, after an investigation, is shown to have engaged in racial profiling in violation of
the agency's policy adopted under this article;
(6) require collection of information relating to inotor vehicle stops in which a citation is issued
and to arrests made as a result of those stops, including information relating to:
(A) the race or ethnicity of the individual detained;
(B) whether a search was conducted and, if so, ��vhether the individual detained
consented to the search; and
(C) whether the peace officer knew the race or ethnicity of the individual detained before
detaining that individual; and
(7) require the chief administrator of the agency, regardless of whether the administrator is
elected, employed, ar appointed, to submit an annual report of the information collected under
Subdivision (6) to:
(A) the Commission on Law Enforcement Officer Standards and Education; and
(B) the governing body of each county or municipality served by the agency, if the
agency is an agency of a cowrty, municipality, or other political subdivision of the state.
(c) The data collected as a result of the reporting requirements of this article shall not constitute
prima facie evidence of racial profiling.
(d) On adoption of a policy under Subsection (b), a law enforcement agency shall exa�nine the
feasibility of installing video camera and transmitter-activated equipment in each agency law
enforcement motor vehicle regularly used to make motor vehicle stops and transmitter-activated
equipment in each agency ]aw enforcement motorcycle regularly used to make inotor vehicle
stops. If a law enforcement agency installs video or audio equipment as provided by this
132
subsection, the policy adopted by the agency under Subsection (b) must include standards for
reviewing video and audio documentation.
(e) A report required under Subsection (b)(7) may not include identifying information about a
peace officer who makes a motor vehicle stop or about an individual who is stopped or arrested
by a peace officer. This subsection does not affect t11e collection of information as required by a
policy under Subsection (b)(6).
(� On the commencement of an investigation by a law enforcement agency of a complaint
described by Subsection (b)(3) in which a video or audio recording of the occurrence on which
the complaint is based was made, the agency shall promptly provide a copy of the recording to
the peace officer who is the subject of the complaint on written request by the officer.
(g) On a finding by the Commission on Law Enforcement Officer Standards and Education that
the chief administrator of a law enforcement agency intentionally failed to submit a report
required under Subsection (b)(7), the commission shall begin disciplinary procedures against the
chief administrator.
Added by Acts 2001, 77th Leg., ch. 947, Sec. 1, eff. Sept. 1, 2001.
Amended by: Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 1172, Sec. 25, eff. September 1, 2009.
Art. 2.133. REPORTS REQUIRED FOR MOTOR VEHICLE STOPS.
(a) In this article, "race or ethniciry" has the ineaning assigned by Article 2.] 32(a).
(b) A peace officer who stops a motor vehicle for an alleged violation of a law or ordinance
shall report to the law enforcement agency that employs the officer infonnation relating to the
stop, including:
(1) a physical description of any person operating the motor vehicle who is detained as a result
of the stop, including:
(A) the person's gender; and
(B) the person's race or ethnicity, as stated by the person or, if the person does not state
tile person's race or ethnicity, as determined by the officer to the best of the officer's
ability;
(2) the initial reason for the stop;
l33
(3) whether the officer conducted a search as a result of the stop and, if so, whether the person
detained consented to the search;
(4) whether any contraband or other evidence was discovered in the course of the search and a
description of the contraband or evidence;
(5) the reason for the search, including whether:
(A) any contraband or other evidence was in plain view;
(B) any probable cause or reasonable suspicion existed to perform the search; ar
(C) the search was performed as a result of the towing of the motor vehicle or the arrest
of any person in the motor vehicle;
(6) whether the officer made an arrest as a result of the stop or the search, including a statement
of whether the arrest was based on a violation of the Penal Code, a violation of a traffic law or
ordinance, or an outstanding warrant and a statement of the offense charged;
(7) the street address or approximate location of the stop; and
(8) whether the officer issued a written warning or a citation as a result of the stop.
Added by Acts 2001, 77th Leg., ch. 947; Sec. l, eff. Sept. 1, 2001.
Amended by: Acts 2009, 81 st Leg., R.S.; Ch. 1172, Sec. 26, ef£ September 1, 2009.
Art. 2134. COMPILATION AND ANALYSIS OF INFORMATION COLLECTED.
(a) In this article:
(1) "Motor vehicle stop" has the meaning assigned by Article 2.132(a).
(2) "Race or ethnicity" has the meaning assigned by Article 2.132(a).
(b) A law enforcement agency shall compile and analyze the information contained in eacl�
report received by the agency under Article 2.133. Not later than March 1 of each year, each law
enforcement agency shall submit a report containing the incident-based data compiled during the
previous calendar year to the Commission on Law Enforcement Officer Standards and Education
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and, if the law enforcement agency is a local law enforcement agency, to the governing body of
each county or municipality served by the agency.
(c) A report required under Subsection (b) must be submitted by the chief administrator of the
law enforcement agency, regardless of whether the administrator is elected, employed, or
appointed, and must include:
(1) a coinparative analysis of the information compiled under Article 2.133 to:
(A) evaluate and compare the number of motor vehicle stops, within the applicable
jurisdiction, of persons who are recognized as racial or ethnic minorities and persons who
are not recognized as racial or ethnic minorities; and
(B) examine the disposition of motor vehicle stops made by officers employed by the
agency, categorized according to the race or ethnicity of the affected persons, as
appropriate, including any searches resulting from stops within the applicable
jurisdiction; and
(2) information relating to each complaint filed with the agency alleging that a peace officer
employed by the agency has engaged in racial profiling.
(d) A report required under Subsection (b) may not include identifying information about a
peace officer who makes a motor vehicle stop or about an individual who is stopped or arrested
by a peace officer. This subsection does not affect the reporting of information required under
Artic]e 2.133(b)(1).
(e) The Commission on Law Enforcement Officer Standards and Education, in accordance with
Section 1701.162, Occupations Code, shall develop guidelines for compiling and reporting
information as required by this article.
(� The data collected as a result of the reporting requirements of this article shall not constitute
prima facie evidence of racial profiling.
(g) On a finding by the Commission on Law Enforcement Officer Standards and Education that
the chief administrator of a law enforcement agency intentionally failed to submit a report
required under Subsection (b), the commission shall begin disciplinary procedures against the
chief administrator.
Added by Acts 2001, 77th Leg., ch. 947, Sec. 1, ef£ Sept. 1, 2001.
135
Amended by: Acts 2009; 81 st Leg., R.S., Ch. I 172, Sec. 27, eff. September 1, 2009.
Art. 2.135. PARTIAL EXEMPTION FOR AGENCIES USING VIDEO AND AUDIO
EQUIPMENT.
(a) A peace officer is exempt from the reporting requirement under Article 2.133 and the chief
administrator of a law enforcement agency, regardless of whether the administrator is elected,
employed, or appointed, is exempt from the compilation, analysis, and reporting requirements
under Article 2.l 34 if:
(1) during the calendar year preceding the date that a report under Article 2.134 is required to be
submitted:
(A) each law enforcement motor vehicle regularly used by an offcer employed by the
agency to make motor vehicle stops is equipped with video camera and transmitter-
activated equipment and each law enforcement motorcycle regularly used to make motar
vehicle stops is equipped with transmitter-activated equipment; and
(B) each motor vehicle stop made by an officer employed by the agency that is capable
of being recorded by video and audio or audio equipment, as appropriate, is recorded by
using the equipment; or
(2) the governing body of the county or municipality served by the law enforcement agency, in
conjunction with the law enforcement agency; certifies to the Department of Public Safety, not
later than the date specified by rule by the department, that the law enforcement agency needs
funds or video and audio equipment for the purpose of installing video and audio equipment as
described by Subsection (a)(1)(A) and the agency does not receive from the state funds or video
and audio equipment sufficient, as determined by the department, for the agency to accomplish
that purpose.
(b) Except as otherwise provided by this subsection, a law enforcement agency that is exempt
from the reGuirements under Article 2.134 shall retain the video and audio or audio
documentation of each motor vehicle stop for at least 90 days after the date of the stop. If a
complaint is filed with the law enforcement agency alleging tliat a peace officer employed by the
agency lias engaged in racial profiling witl� respect to a motor vehicle stop, the agency shall
retain the video and audio or audio record of tlle stop until final disposition of the complaint.
(c) This article does not affect the collection or reporting requirements under Article 2.132.
136
(d) In this article, "motor vehicle stop" has the meaning assigned by Article 2.132(a).
Added by Acts 2001, 77th Leg., ch. 947, Sec. 1, ef£ Sept. 1, 2001.
Amended by: Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 1172, Sec. 28, eff. September 1, 2009.
Art. 2.136. LIABILITY.
A peace officer is not liable for damages arising from an act relating to the collection or
reporting of information as reyuired by Article 2.133 or under a policy adopted under Article
2.132.
Added by Acts 2001, 77th Leg., ch. 947, Sec. 1, eff. Sept. 1, 2001.
Art. 2.137. PROVISION OF FUNDING OR EQUIPMENT.
(a) The Department of Public Safety shall adopt rules for providing funds or video and audio
equipment to law enforcement agencies for the purpose of installing video and audio eyuipment
as described by Article 2.135(a)(] )(A), including specifying criteria to prioritize funding or
equipment provided to law enforcement agencies. The criteria may include consideration of tax
effort, financial hardship, available revenue, and budget surpluses. The criteria must give priority
to:
(1) law enforcement agencies that employ peace officers whose primary duty is traffic
enforcement;
(2) smaller jurisdictions; and
(3) municipal and county law enfarcement agencies.
(b) T�he Department of Public Safety shall collaborate with an institution of higher education to
identify law enforcement agencies that need funds or video and audio equipment for the purpose
of installing video and audio equipment as described by Article 2.135(a)(1)(A). The
collaboration may include the use of a survey to assist in developing criteria to prioritize funding
or equipment provided to law enforcement agencies.
13'7
(c) To receive funds or video and audio equipment from the state for the purpose of installing
video and audio equipment as described by Article 2.135(a)(1)(A), the governing body of a
county or municipality, in conjunction with the law enforcement agency serving the county or
municipality, shall certify to the Department of Public Safety that the law enforcement agency
needs funds or video and audio equipment for that purpose.
(d) On receipt of funds or video and audio equipment from the state for the purpose of installing
video and audio equipment as described by Article 2.135(a)(1)(A); the governing body of a
county or municipality, in conjunction with the law enforcement agency serving the county or
municipality, shall certify to the Department of Public Safety that the law enforcement agency
has installed video and audio equipment as described by Article 2.135(a)(1)(A) and is using the
equipment as required by Article 2.135(a)(] ).
Added by Acts 2001, 77th Leg., ch. 947; Sec. 1, ef£ Sept. l, 2001.
Art. 2.138. RULES.
The Department of Public Safety may adopt rules to implement Articles 2. l 3l -2. ] 37.
Added by Acts 2001, 77th Leg., ch. 947, Sec. 1, eff. Sept. 1, 2001.
Art. 2.1385. CIVIL PENALTY.
(a) If the chief administrator of a loca] law enforcement agency intentionally fails to submit the
incident-based data as required by Article 2. ] 34, the agency is liable to the state for a civil
penalty in the amount of $1,000 for each violation. The attorney general may sue to collect a
civil penalty under this subsection.
(b) From money appropriated to the agency for the administration of the agency, the executive
director of a state law enforcement agency that intentionally fails to submit the incident-based
data as required by Article 2.134 shall remit to the comptroller the amount of $1,000 for each
violation.
(c) Money collected under this article shall be deposited in the state treasury to the credit of the
general revenue fund.
Added by Acts 2009, 81 st Leg., R.S., Ch. 1172, Sec. 29, eff. September 1, 2009.
- 138
Appendix B
Paris Police Department
Racial Profiling Policy
.��9
PARIS POLICE DEPARTMENT
POLICY AND PROCEDURES MANUAL
Subject: Policy Number:
Bias Based Profiling 2.01.01
Effective Date: Distribution: All Employees Amended Date:
O1/31/2010 02/22/2011
Review Date: TPCA BPRP Number: Page:
Annually 2.01.1 1 of 5
SECTION 1 POLICY STATEMENT
It is the policy of the Paris Police Department to give equal treatment under the
law to all people, regardless of race, color, religion, sex, politics, national origin,
lifestyle, age, economic status or similar characteristics. The officers of the Paris
Police Department will only stop or detain citizens when reasonable suspicion to
believe they have committed, are committing, or are about to commit a violation
of the law, or for other lawful purposes. Officers of the Paris Police Department
are strictly prohibited from initiating any action that constitutes racial or biased-
based profiling.
SECTION 2 PURPOSE
The purpose of this policy is to give practical meaning by establishing procedures
to ensure that racial profiling, or other bias-based profiling, is not found in the
practices of the Department.
SECTION 3 DEFINITIONS
Race or Ethnicity — Of a particular decent, including Caucasian, African,
Hispanic, Asian, Middle Eastern or Native American.
Bias-based Profiling — The detention, interdiction, search or seizure of any
person based solely upon the person's age, gender, sexual orientation, race,
color, creed, ethnicity, national origin, or similar personal characteristic.
Racial Profiling — A law enforcement-initiated action based on an individual's
race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than on the individual's behavior or on
information identifying the individual as having engaged in criminal activity.
Reasonable Suspicion — Specific facts and circumstances, and reasonable
inferences from those facts and circumstances, that would lead a p.erson of
reasonable prudence to believe that some type of criminal activity is afoot, and
the detainee(s) are somehow involved.
Motor Vehicle Stop — occurs when a peace officer stops a vehicle for an alleged
violation of a law or ordinance regulating traffic.
140
PARIS POLICE DEPARTMENT
POLICY AND PROCEDURES MANUAL
Subject: Policy Number:
Bias Based Profiling 2.01.01
Effective Date: Distribution: All Employees Amended Date:
O1/31/2010 02/22/2011
Review Date: TPCA BPRP Number: Page:
Annually 2.01.1 2 of S
Detention — any restriction upon a person's liberty imposed by a peace officer.
Seizure — any taking of property from an individual without the individual's
consent or any restriction of an individual's liberty without the individual's
consent. A detention will be considered a seizure, as will an arrest.
Acts Constituting Racial Profiling — Acts initiating law enforcement action,
such as a motor vehicle stop, a detention, a search, issuance of a citation, or an
arrest based solely upon an individual's race, ethnicity, or national origin, or on
the basis of racial or ethnic stereotypes, rather than upon the individual's
behavior.
SECTION 4 PROCEDURES
Public Information - The Department will inform the public of its policy
against racial profiling and the process by which a citizen may make a
complaint against a department employee. Initially the public will be
informed through the news media, with additional efforts to educate the
public about the policy and the complaint process made during
presentations to civic groups, and by including information on the Paris
Police Department internet site and in the lobby of the police department
and Paris Public Library.
2. Stops / Detentions - In the absence of a specific credible report
containing a physical description, a person's gender, sexual orientation,
race, color, creed, ethnicity, national origin, or similar personal
characteristic, or any combination of these, may be a contributinq factor
but shall not be the sole factor in determining probable cause for an arrest
or reasonable suspicion for a stop.
3. Oversight and Review - Traffic enforcement will be accompanied by
consistent, ongoing supervisory oversight to ensure that officers do not go
beyond the parameters of reasonableness in conducting such activities.
141
PARIS POLICE DEPARTMENT
POLICY AND PROCEDURES MANUAL
Subject: Policy Number:
Bias Based Profiling 2.01.01
Effective Date: Distribution: All Employees Amended Date:
01/31/2010 oz/22/2011
Review Date: TPCA BPRP Number: Page:
Annually 2.01.1 3 of 5
A. Supervisors shall ensure compliance with this and other applicable
directives.
B. A minimum of five traffic stops will be reviewed by the patrol shift
supervisor each month.
C. The motor vehicle stop reviews will be documented and submitted
to records.
D. Officers are required to retain video and audio of all traffic stops for
a minimum of 90 days. Any traffic stop which meets reporting
criteria resulting in a custodial arrest shall be noted in the records
management system arrest module custom tab.
E. Any motor vehicle stop which meets reporting criteria resulting in a
citation being issued shall be documented by completing all citation
fields requiring any racial profiling data.
4. Motor Vehicle Recording (MVR) Equipment.
A. All marked patrol vehicles are equipped with video cameras. The
video and sound shall be activated before all motor vehicle stops, to
record the actions of the vehicle and/or behavior of the person, and
shall remain activated until the person is released. (Refer to 7.27.01 —
Mobile Video Recording)
B. Patrol Officers are responsible for ensuring mobile video recording is
functional or report the malfunction to the on-duty shift supervisor.
C. Video and audio will be maintained for a period of ninety (90) days
before being deleted.
5. Reporting
A. The Office of Professional Standards will submit a quarterly and
cumulative report to the Chief of Police concerning citation and arrest
data, and supervisory oversight of MVR recordings.
142
PARIS POLICE DEPARTMENT
POLICY AND PROCEDURES MANUAL
Subject: Policy Number:
Bias Based Profiling 2.01.01
Effective Date: Distribution: All Employees Amended Date:
01/31/2010 02/22/2011
Review Date: TPCA BPRP Number: Page:
Annually 2.01.1 4 of 5
B. The Office of Professional Standards will perform a comparative
analysis of the data collected.
1. Analysis will be based on a calendar year
2. Summary reports of the analysis must be submitted to the Chief of
Police
3. The report must include:
a. A determination of the prevalence of racial profiling;
b. An examination of the disposition of motor vehicle stops,
including searches resulting from the stops; and
c. Information relating to each complaint within the department
alleging racial profiling.
4. The report may not include identifying information about an officer
or about the person stopped.
C. The Chief of Police shall submit to the City Council, an annual report
concerning citation and arrest data collected in the preceding year and
according to statute to the Texas Commission on Law Enforcement
Officer Standards and Education.
D. Complaint Process
Any individual who believes that a peace officer employed by this
department has engaged in racial profiling with respect to the
individual, may file a complaint with any supervisor of the department.
In accordance with Article 2.132(� of the Code of Criminal
Procedures, an officer who is the subject of a racial profiling complaint
will be provided a copy of the recording of the traffic or pedestrian stop
in question, upon written request by the officer. The complaint will be
received, processed, investigated, and adjudicated in accordance with
chapter (2.02) of the Paris Police Department Policies and Procedures.
143
PARIS POLICE DEPARTMENT
POLICY AND PROCEDURES MANUAL
Subject: Policy Number:
Bias Based Profiling 2.01.01
Effective Date: Distribution: All Employees Amended Date:
O1/31/2010 02/22/2011
Review Dote: TPCA BPRP Number: Page:
Annually 2.01.1 5 of 5
SECTION 5 RESPONSIBILITY
A. All members of the Department shall know and comply with all aspects of
this directive.
B. All Division Lieutenants and supervisory personnel are responsible for
ensuring compliance with the provisions and intent of this directive.
144
Appendix C
Racial Profiling Laws and Corresponding
Department Policies
Texas CCP Article PARIS POLICE DEPARTMENT Racial
Profilin Polic 2.01.01
2.132 b 1 Section 3 Definitions
2.132(b 2 Section 1 Polic Statement
2.132 b 3 Section 4 1 & SD Procedures
2.132(b 4 Section 4(1) Procedures
2.132(b 5 Section 4(SD) Procedures
2.132(b)6 Section 4 (SA-B Procedures
2.132 b 7 Section 4 SC Procedures
145